“It's really been bogged down,” said Aaron Ellis, a spokesman for the American Association of Port Authorities. “Especially with goods like frozen beef, it really costs a lot of money to maintain because they have to be plugged in to stay frozen on the dock,” he said in a phone interview.

The normal operation of the Export-Import Bank — whose existence was the subject of a months-long battle last year between Tea Party Republicans and airlines on one side and the U.S. business lobby on the other — has come to a halt.

“The fact is, we can't do new deals” or process those that have already been submitted for approval, David Sena, the bank's chief financial officer, said by phone. The bank provides financing, including loan guarantees, to foreign buyers of U.S. goods. Those deals benefit companies including Boeing Co. of Chicago and General Electric Co. of Fairfield, Connecticut.

“There are no immediate financing impacts to Boeing airplane deliveries,” company spokesman Doug Alder said in an e-mail. “However, as the shutdown continues, there is the potential of some customer impacts to near-term deliveries where Ex-Im financing has been planned.”

Supplier Disruptions

Export-Import Bank financing can act as an “export magnet” because sales of complex systems like aircraft or satellites also benefit suppliers, Remy Nathan, vice president for international affairs at the Aerospace Industries Association, said in a phone interview. The Arlington, Virginia-based industry group's members include Lockheed Martin Corp. and United Technologies Corp.

“Anything that interferes with the bank's operations has implications for the suppliers,” Nathan said.

While inspections by U.S. Customs and Border Protection continue at normal levels, because its employees were not furloughed, other agencies involved in trade have pared their staffs. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has furloughed 18 percent of its 420 investigators who work on imports, agency spokesman Steven Immergut said in an e-mail.

The U.S. International Trade Commission, which investigates trade disputes to determine whether imports have unfairly harmed U.S. businesses, has stopped that work. The Commerce Department division that promotes exports is virtually shuttered. The U.S. Trade Representative's office, in the process of negotiating major agreements with the 28-nation European Union and 11 Pacific-region nations, is operating with 26 percent of its 232 person staff.

The Commerce Department's Bureau of Industry and Security has furloughed about 60 percent of its workers. The bureau reviews the export of goods that are restricted because they contain advanced technology.

The lapse in the bureau's routine functions “could affect our ability to ship products to certain markets,” said Kevin Winston, managing director of corporate communications at Applied Materials Inc., a Santa Clara, California-based computer chipmaker. “Pending applications and future submissions are on hold,” he said in a statement.

Shipments of millions of dollars worth of pesticides are already being affected by the shutdown, Ray McAllister, the senior director of regulatory policy for CropLife America, a trade group representing agricultural chemical manufacturers, said in an e-mailed statement. The Environmental Protection Agency, which reviews pesticide imports, has furloughed more than 90 percent of its workers.

Chemical Pesticides

With inventories of chemical ingredients running low for products in production, “it may not take long for the bottlenecks to have an effect on supplies of crop protection products for agriculture,” which would disrupt planting seasons, McAllister said.

There could be delays in document reviews and exams for some imports due to reduced staffing at the FDA, which inspects drug and some food imports, according to Samuel Shapiro & Co., a Baltimore-based customs broker and freight forwarder. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service declarations now need to be filled out manually, and the licensing system for steel has stopped, the company said in a posting about the shutdown on its website.

“It's mass confusion,” at U.S. ports, said Lisa Goldenberg, president of Delaware Steel Company of Pennsylvania, a wholesale distributor based in Fort Washington, Pennsylvania. Steel is being held up at ports in some places and at warehouses in others, she said in a phone interview.

“What I'm hearing is that they're running, but light,” Goldenberg, who is also president of the Association of Steel Distributors, said of the nation's ports. “They're open for business, but sort-of not really.”

Spokesmen for ports in California, Louisiana, Houston and Georgia said their facilities haven't seen a significant impact.

“It's been pretty quiet,” Art Wong, a spokesman for the Port of Long Beach, said in an interview. While there hasn't been a backup of cargo, “in some cases they don't get to open the containers until they get inspections. They could be sitting in warehouses waiting for paperwork to clear.”

If the shutdown persists, ports will increasingly see their operations affected, said Page Siplon, executive director at the Georgia Center of Innovation for Logistics.

“The backlog will build up to the point where it could really impact the flow of ports more generally,” Siplon said in a phone interview.

Fortunately, most merchandise needed for holiday season sales entered the U.S. in August and September, according to Jonathan Gold, vice president of supply chain and customs policy at the National Retail Federation.

“Our bigger concern with holiday sales is the impact of the shutdown on consumer confidence,” he said in an interview.

Bloomberg News

Copyright 2018 Bloomberg. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.