The silhouette of idle blast furnaces are seen during sunrise at the U.S. Steel Corp. Granite City Works facility in Granite City, Illinois, U.S., on Wednesday, Oct. 25, 2017. U.S. Steel Corp. is scheduled to release earnings figures on October 31. Photographer: Luke Sharrett/Bloomberg

President Donald Trump wants to level the playing field for American companies in the global economy, but his combative stance has unsettled business plans from the Atlantic to the Pacific.From Washington cherry farms to Midwestern chemical plants to New England lobster-trap makers, the risk of global trade war is creating anxiety among executives whose firms rely on foreign markets for revenue or to keep costs down with imported products.On Friday, Trump announced $50 billion in tariffs on imports from China. Those came on top of levies he'd put on imported steel and aluminum from the European Union (EU) and Canada, which provoked anger and frustration that erupted rancorously at a Group of Seven summit last weekend in Quebec.China responded to Friday's announcement with trade threats of its own: It vowed to impose tariffs with “equal scale, equal intensity” on imports from the U.S., and said in a statement on its website that all of the country's earlier trade commitments are now off the table. The EU is targeting iconic products like Harley-Davidson motorcycles and Levi's jeans.As Trump disrupts the rules that have governed global trade for decades, the prospect of a standoff is rippling through U.S. regions, industries, and economic sectors, touching every aspect of business. |

Fears at the Border

In Clinton County, New York, a decision 25 years ago to tie its future to its proximity to Montreal paid off. About 15 percent of its population of 80,000 works for a Canadian or border-related employer, according to Garry Douglas, CEO of the North Country Chamber of Commerce in Plattsburgh. Direct annual economic impact from cross-border commerce amounts to more than $2 billion a year. Tariffs threaten that.“Most are hopeful this is all tactical and will eventually be resolved,” Douglas said. “The uncertainty, however, is already having a chilling effect on decisions by companies regarding cross-border investment and deals.”Similar fears loom in Florida, bound to Latin America and the Panama Canal with 14 deep-water seaports. The Florida Chamber of Commerce estimates that a quarter of the state's economy depends on trade to some extent.But in Granite City, Illinois, the sound of blast furnaces roaring back to life is the area's hope. U.S. Steel Corp. plans to hire about 300 people to restart a second furnace at its plant there to satisfy fresh demand for American-made steel, the company said this month. It resumed operations in March after Trump announced the tariffs based on national-security grounds.The town of about 30,000, just across the Mississippi River from St. Louis, was founded around the steel industry, said James Amos, its economic development director. More workers at U.S. Steel mean more people buying gas or grabbing lunch. “It really does put a real smile on people's faces,” Amos said.Elsewhere in America's industrial heartland, though, companies are on edge. Many have built supply chains that source parts from all over the world.“Uncertainty in terms of trade and global flows like that isn't good,” said Blake Moret, chairman and chief executive of Rockwell Automation Inc., a Milwaukee producer of industrial systems.Some companies are delaying capital projects. Tariffs are clouding investment decisions and raising construction costs, said A.B. Ghosh, North America president of Akzo Nobel NV's specialty chemical business. While the Dutch company will proceed with a $100 million upgrade of an Illinois plant, “it may stop us from doing other investments,” Ghosh said. |

Transportation of Goods at Risk

Companies with links to Mexico are particularly worried. Mexico has been hit with steel tariffs, and Trump has threatened to pull out of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).Union Pacific Corp. has connections at six border crossings, and 12 percent of its volume originates or ends in Mexico. The Omaha, Nebraska-based railroad also owns a 26 percent stake in the Mexican railroad Ferromex.“The worst fear would be the trade war in general,” said Rob Knight, CFO of Union Pacific. “Does Mexico come up with some other retaliatory action?”Growers of apples, pears, and cherries in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho are rushing to figure out what they can do with perishable fruit that's now the target of retaliatory tariffs in markets such as China, India, and Mexico. Mark Powers, president of the Northwest Horticultural Council, said its 4,700 growers in those states export about $1 billion worth of produce each year. Finding new, tariff-free markets requires lengthy negotiations between countries."Quantifying the results of this is a guessing game," he said. "We're already seeing customers coming back and asking for discounts and offsets."Cherries are a pressing concern, particularly because members are enjoying a bountiful crop. The fruit lasts only about seven days once picked, and most exports are shipped in planes to Asia."If China closes, that's our largest cherry market, and it's hard to divert on the fly," Powers said. |

Effects on Complex Supply Chains

Jim Knott, CEO of Riverdale Mills Corp. in Northbridge, Massachusetts, says his company supplies 85 percent of the North American market for the wire mesh that covers lobster traps. The price of the steel, much from Canada, has almost doubled since Jan. 1, he said, blaming the tariffs themselves and hoarding after Trump's announcement.As much as 45 percent of what Knott's company produces is shipped overseas. He says the steel tariff threatens the livelihoods of his 200 employees.“We work very, very hard to take jobs back from China, and we ship all over the world,” Knott said. “This tariff just puts handcuffs on us.”But threats can be negotiated. Representative Bill Keating, a Massachusetts Democrat, represents towns that produce most of the state's cranberries, its largest crop at an annual value of almost $100 million. The crop was targeted by the European Union after Trump announced his steel and aluminum tariffs.With 6,900 jobs at stake, Keating pointed out to EU officials that the tariff would threaten jobs in the EU connected to processing the berries. It worked. While a charge on juices will go into effect, duties on prepared or preserved cranberries, representing about two-thirds of what the state sends to the EU, would be delayed until 2021. |

Trouble in the Fields

Tariffs compound natural threats to commodities. While higher cotton prices driven by a Texas drought have helped Trey Davis of Doerun, Georgia, potential Chinese tariffs complicate his planning. His Davis Family Farms also faces hurricanes that could wipe out his crop.“We're sitting here really in no-man's-land right now,” he said. “We're waiting for the Chinese and the weather to give us an answer.”On the West Coast, California farmers tired of struggling with annual water and labor shortages have a new headache. India is putting an 80 percent tariff on apples as a retaliatory measure, which will have a “grave impact on Washington's growers,” said Democratic Senator Maria Cantwell in a tweet.Fresh produce, including berries, nuts, and citrus, faces new 15 percent duties by China. Those levies may depress an already sluggish sector of the world's fifth-largest economy: California agriculture has lost 15 percent of its value in the past two years, according to the Department of Food and Agriculture.Export revenues, however, have remained steady at about $20 billion over the period. That may be about to change. Growers, already mulling moves to the fields of Mexico, Peru, and China, will add the new tariff regime to their cost of doing business, said Tom Nassif, president of the Western Growers Association, which represents farmers in California, Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico.“More and more people will be growing their produce in foreign countries and selling them to countries that will no longer receive our products without increasing prices,” Nassif said.

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