“Greece will default; it's a question of when, rather than if,” said Vincent Truglia, managing director at New York-based Granite Springs Asset Management LLP and a former head of the sovereign risk unit at Moody's. “It's a basic solvency issue rather than a liquidity issue. Only a debt writedown will do.”

S&P's Risks
The S&P cut to CCC from B reflects “our view that there is a significantly higher likelihood of one or more defaults,” the rating company said. “Risks for the implementation of Greece's EU/IMF borrowing program are rising, given Greece's increased financing needs and ongoing internal political disagreements surrounding the policy conditions required.”

While the European Central Bank has said it could accept a plan in which creditors voluntarily agree to buy Greek bonds to replace maturing debt, the monetary policy makers have warned against a German proposal that maturities on Greek debt be extended for seven years, an outcome that rating companies said would be considered a default.

'Very Determined'
“The very determined attitude of the ECB is what makes the involvement of the private sector so explosive,” Commerzbank AG analyst Lutz Karpowitz said today in a note.

The yield difference, or spread, between 10-year German bunds and Greek securities of a similar maturity widened to a record 1,413 basis points.

No other sovereign nation is graded as low as CCC by S&P, a spokesman said by e-mail. Moody Investors Service cut its rating on Greece to Caa1 on June 1, leaving only Ecuador as a worse sovereign risk. Not all countries' debts are rated.

“The rating agencies are now playing catch-up with the market,” said Gianluca Salford, a fixed-income strategist at JP Morgan in London. “The market is pricing in a very high probability that there will be a credit event around Greece. The agencies are just catching up to the negativity that's already priced in by the market, not the other way around.”

S&P also said it has a negative outlook on Greece's debt.

“Our negative outlook indicates that a downgrade to 'SD' could occur if Greece undertakes one or more debt restructurings or maturity extensions on terms that constitute distressed debt exchanges as defined by our criteria,” S&P said. SD is a “selective default.” A restructuring would likely “result in one or more defaults under our criteria,” it said.

Recovery Rating
S&P said that its recovery rating on Greece's debt is '4,' indicating it estimates bondholders would recover 30 percent to 50 percent of their investment.

A “financing gap has emerged in part because Greece's access to market financing in 2012 and possibly beyond, as envisaged in the current official EU/IMF program, is unlikely to materialize,” the report said.

Greece's Finance Ministry said in a statement that S&P's decision “ignores” the “intense consultations” to resolve the nation's crisis taking place between officials at the European Commission, ECB and International Monetary Fund.

“The decision by Standard and Poor's also neglects the determined efforts of the Greek government to avoid at any costs any possible violation of Greece's contractual obligations, and the strong desire of the Greek people to plan for their future within the euro zone,” the statement said.

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