In today's ruling, the majority wrote that the “mandate represents a wholly novel and potentially unbounded assertion of congressional authority.” The law requires “Americans to purchase an expensive health insurance product they have elected not to buy, and to make them repurchase that insurance product every month for their entire lives.”

While throwing out the mandate, the panel overruled the lower court's decision in that case to reject the entire health care law as a result.

'Fully Operative'
“Excising the individual mandate from the act does not prevent the remaining provisions from being fully operative as a law,” Chief U.S. Circuit Judge Joel Dubina, a Republican appointee, and U.S. Circuit Judge Frank M. Hull, a Democratic appointee, wrote. Hull is the first judge appointed by a Democratic president to rule against the law. Dissenting in part, U.S. Circuit Judge Stanley Marcus, a Republican appointee, said he would have upheld the act in its entirety.

Stephanie Cutter, a deputy senior adviser to Obama, said in an Internet posting that “we strongly disagree with this decision and we are confident it will not stand.”

“The individual responsibility provision — the main part of the law at issue in these cases — is constitutional,” Cutter said. “Those who claim this provision exceeds Congress' power to regulate interstate commerce are incorrect.”

'Strongly Disagree'
“The Department of Justice believes — as the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit held, and the dissenting judge in the Eleventh Circuit concluded — that the Affordable Care Act is constitutional,” the Justice Department said in an e-mailed statement. “We strongly disagree with the court's decision.” The government said it's considering the “next appropriate steps.”

The U.S. may seek a rehearing by the three-judge panel, the full U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit or petition the U.S. Supreme Court. The mandate provision isn't scheduled to take effect until 2014.

Florida Attorney General Pam Bondi, a Republican, said in an e-mailed statement today that the “ruling by the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals upholds our position that the federal health care law exceeds Congress' power,” she said.

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was signed into law on March 23, 2010. Then-Florida Attorney General Bill McCollum sued the same day on behalf of his state and a dozen others. Thirteen more states signed on later. The health-care act bars insurers from denying coverage to people who are sick and from imposing lifetime limits on costs. It requires almost all Americans 18 and over to obtain coverage.

Exceeded Its Power
The Atlanta court upheld portions of U.S. District Judge C. Roger Vinson's ruling in Pensacola, Florida, that Congress exceeded its power in requiring that almost every American obtain insurance starting in 2014.

The U.S. has called the mandatory-coverage provision the linchpin of the statute because it will add younger and healthier people to the pool of the insured population, making the program viable for insurers.

Vinson on Jan. 31 ruled that Congress exceeded its powers under the U.S. Constitution's commerce clause when it created the requirement. Concluding that the mandate was integral to the rest of the legislation, he invalidated the entire act.

The Obama administration appealed Vinson's ruling to the Eleventh Circuit. The three-judge panel, comprising two judges nominated by Republican President Ronald Reagan and one picked by Democratic President Bill Clinton, heard argument on June 8.

'Most Difficult Issue'
“The most difficult issue in the case is the individual mandate,” Dubina, first nominated to the federal bench by Reagan in 1986, said at the start of the June 8 session in Atlanta. Reagan named Marcus in 1985. Hull was a 1994 Clinton nominee.

“The question you have before you is that everyone is consuming the goods; it's about failure to pay,” Acting U.S. Solicitor General Neal Katyal told the panel during the oral argument. The solicitor general is the Justice Department's top courtroom attorney.

“The Commerce Clause only gives Congress the power to regulate, not to compel,” states' attorney Paul D. Clement, a solicitor general under President George W. Bush, told the court later.

U.S. Circuit Judge Marcus, in his dissenting opinion in today's decision in Atlanta, said that while he agreed with the majority in reversing Vinson's invalidation of the entire act, he would have upheld the mandate provision too.

'Close Relationship'
“By ignoring the close relationship between the health insurance and health care services markets, the plaintiffs and the majority seek to avoid the hard fact that the uninsured as a class are actively consuming substantial quantities of health care services now — not just next week, next month, or next year,” Marcus wrote, making them active participants in interstate commerce subject to federal regulation.

The Cincinnati-based U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, in its 2-1 ruling on June 29, became the first appellate panel to rule in favor of the law. The court affirmed a Detroit federal judge's decision last year to throw out a challenge by the Ann Arbor, Michigan-based Thomas More Law Center, a Christian-based public interest law firm which has sought review by the U.S. Supreme Court.

“Not every intrusive law is an unconstitutionally intrusive law,” U.S. Circuit Judge Jeffrey Sutton, the first Republican-appointed judge to back the law in litigation across the country, said in the majority opinion.

Party Lines
Lower-court rulings have broken entirely along party lines, with federal judges appointed by Republican presidents invalidating the mandate and those appointed by Democrats upholding it.

The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit in Richmond on May 10 heard the Obama administration's challenge to a lower court ruling that sided with Virginia attorney general Kenneth Cuccinelli, who filed a separate suit the same day as McCollum.

U.S. District Judge Henry Hudson in Richmond, appointed by Bush, a Republican, had struck down the individual mandate as unconstitutional while leaving the rest of the act standing.

The Richmond panel also heard an appeal by Lynchburg, Virginia-based Liberty University, which sought to reverse the another judge's dismissal of its challenge to the law. That ruling was by Judge Norman K. Moon, who was selected by Clinton.

The appellate panel hasn't yet rendered a decision.

The case is State of Florida v. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 11-11021, U.S. Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit (Atlanta).

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