Before the crisis, many bonds were sold with provisions that forced companies to repay securities at a premium to par, or above 100 cents on the dollar, if they were bought in a leveraged buyout. Such debt-fueled transactions often result in the borrower's credit rating being cut to below investment grade, or junk.

The almost 2,900 BBB bonds in the Bank of America Merrill Lynch index trade at an average price of about 111.3 cents on the dollar, or 6.4 cents above the average over the last decade.

"Our research shows that the level of protection in U.S. investment-grade bonds generally is not all that great," Alexander Dill, head of covenant research at Moody's Investors Service, said in a telephone interview. "A change of control is the most meaningful form of investment-grade protection against event risk like an LBO."

Swap Spreads

Elsewhere in credit markets, Chesapeake Energy Corp. was denied a request for an emergency court ruling allowing it to start redeeming $1.3 billion in notes early without the risk of incurring about $400 million in interest. The cost of protecting corporate bonds from default in the U.S. fell to a three-year low. Investec Plc is considering its first collateralized loan obligation since the financial crisis.

The U.S. two-year interest-rate swap spread, a measure of debt-market stress, increased 0.23 basis point to 13.63 basis points. The measure widens when investors seek the perceived safety of government securities and narrows when they favor assets such as corporate debt.

Bonds of Fairfield, Connecticut-based General Electric Co. were the most actively traded dollar-denominated corporate securities by dealers yesterday, accounting for 3.5 percent of the volume of dealer trades of $1 million or more, according to Trace, the bond-price reporting system of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority.

Chesapeake had sought a ruling saying it could issue a notice to bondholders by today informing them it will redeem the 6.775 percent notes at par, or 100 cents on the dollar, six years before they mature. Bank of New York Mellon Corp., as trustee, said the company missed the deadline for such a redemption.

Chesapeake told U.S. District Judge Paul Engelmayer in Manhattan before the decision that they didn't plan to redeem the notes if they didn't get a favorable ruling.

The Markit CDX North American Investment Grade Index, which investors use to hedge against losses or to speculate on creditworthiness, decreased 0.8 basis point to a mid-price of 78.3 basis points, according to prices compiled by Bloomberg. That's the lowest level for the index since January 2010.

The Markit iTraxx Europe Index of 125 companies with investment-grade ratings declined 0.3 to 103.7 at 10 a.m. in London. In the Asia-Pacific region, the Markit iTraxx Asia index of 40 investment-grade borrowers outside Japan was little changed at 101.5.

Investec CLO

The indexes typically fall as investor confidence improves and rise as it deteriorates. A basis point equals $1,000 annually on a contract protecting $10 million of debt.

Investec, a bank and money manager in South Africa and the U.K., is weighing its first CLO since June 2008 as investor appetite returns for high-yielding structured notes. Money managers in Europe including Apollo Global Management and Pramerica Investment Management Ltd. are considering deals after Cairn Capital Ltd. issued a 300.5 million-euro CLO last month, the region's first since 2011 and only the third since 2008.

Investors shunned hard-to-value structured credit following the collapse of Lehman Brothers, meaning asset managers and banks couldn't profit from issuing CLOs.

Leveraged loans and high-yield, high-risk, or junk, bonds are rated below Baa3 by Moody's and lower than BBB- at Standard & Poor's.

In emerging markets, relative yields fell 2 basis points to 281 basis points, or 2.81 percentage points, according to JPMorgan's EMBI Global index. The measure ended last year at 265.8.

Record low borrowing rates engineered by the Federal Reserve and an improving economy are combining to make leveraged buyouts more attractive. Investors are paying an average of 98.17 cents on the dollar to buy pieces of leveraged loans, up from the record low 59.2 cents in December 2008, according to the S&P/LSTA U.S. Leveraged Loan Index.

The average spread on loans purchased by non-bank lenders, such as CLOs, was 377.6 basis points last month, down from 515 at the end of June, according to S&P Capital IQ Leveraged Commentary and Data. At the height of the market in March 2007 spreads were as tight as 243.3 basis points.

Heinz Buyout

"It is important to think big about the kind of deals that can get done," Stephen Antczak, the head of U.S. credit strategy at Citigroup Inc. in New York, said in a telephone interview. "The Fed is encouraging everybody to take risk. As investors are increasingly focused on boosting returns, they are likely to force corporate managers to help them do that."

Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway Inc. and Jorge Paulo Lemann's 3G Capital agreed to buy ketchup maker Heinz for about $23 billion, according to a Feb. 14 statement.

Investors owning about $900 million of Heinz's existing bonds won't be able to sell the securities back to the company because there are no change of control covenants, according to a March 6 Moody's report. The merger may double Heinz's ratio of debt to earnings, according to a Feb. 15 Fitch Ratings report.

Fitch cut its rating on Heinz to BB-, or three levels below investment grade, on March 12. Both Moody's, with a Baa2 rating, and S&P, which has the company one level higher at BBB+, have placed Heinz on a "negative" watch. Heinz's 6.75 percent $436 million notes maturing in March 2032, which were trading at 125.1 cents on the dollar, lost as much as 24 cents the day after the deal was announced, Bloomberg prices show.

Heinz's takeover is being financed with $12 billion in loans and $2.1 billion in bonds, the most amount of debt raised for an LBO since a group led by KKR & Co. and Texas Pacific Group borrowed $24.5 billion when they bought Energy Future Holdings Corp. for $48 billion in 2007, data compiled by Bloomberg show.

John Malone's Liberty Global Inc. agreed to buy Virgin Media for $16 billion last month. The deal is being financed with about $3.65 billion in speculative-grade bonds and about $4.7 billion of loans, data compiled by Bloomberg show.

The cost of insuring against losses on Virgin Media debt using credit-default swaps has climbed as much as 120 basis points since the deal was announced to 382 basis points, Bloomberg prices show.

"The combination of low yields, high levels of cash on corporate balance sheets, strong demand for high-yield loans and receding global risks have spurred LBO activity recently," analysts at JPMorgan led by London-based Nikolaos Panigirtzoglou wrote in a March 1 report.

Payden & Rygel has updated its models to screen for potential LBO candidates that would cause bond prices to fall, Trevithick said.

"We prefer investing in financials relative to industrials as you don't have the same sort of event risk associated with them," Trevithick said. "Financial institutions are so large that there is a lesser threat" of a corporate raider "coming in and doing an LBO," she said.

Buffett's bid for Heinz, which previously wouldn't have been considered a typical target for a buyout, indicates the need for creditors to carefully analyze their portfolio, according to Pieter Staelens, a London-based analyst at Henderson Global Investors, which oversees about $25 billion in fixed-income assets.

"Lack of change of control is definitely a problem that investors have to worry about," Staelens said in a telephone interview. "If you are an investor in these bonds, you need to make sure exactly what you own and how much protection you have against potential LBOs."

 Bloomberg News

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