The strength of the expansion since the vote to leave the European Union hasn't allayed concern about how the decision will filter through the economy over the coming years. It won't mean Armageddon, but the broad consensus among economists — whose predictions about the initial fallout were largely too pessimistic — is for a prolonged effect that will ultimately diminish output, jobs and wealth to some degree.
For now, the economy continues to boom, with figures on Tuesday showing growth of 0.7% in the fourth quarter of 2016, the fastest in a year and revised up from 0.6%.
As analysts gauge the longer term, issues in the mix range from the fallout on trade, investment and London's financial district to knock-on effects on hiring, inflation and demand. There may also be offsetting factors to take into account, including if any of the lost benefits of EU membership can be replicated or replaced via other deals.
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With Prime Minister Theresa May indicating she's pursuing a hard Brexit — cutting the U.K. from the bloc's single market for greater control over migration — scenarios with higher economic costs have become more likely. Among the most pessimistic is one from MIT forecasting a loss of as much as 9.5% of income.
"Trade, openness and migration are the big issues," said Andrew Goodwin, an economist at Oxford Economics. "We'd expect the sort of deal the U.K. is going for to result in some degree of trade destruction. And if we're talking about reducing the level of migration, that's likely to result in growth prospects being weaker."
Even with Brexit drag, Bloomberg Intelligence and PricewaterhouseCoopers note the U.K. will still outperform most other major euro-zone economies. Others are even more optimistic, with the Economists for Free Trade group seeing a boost from an "optimal" policy of scrapping import tariffs.
How it all plays out will also influence Bank of England policy, with Governor Mark Carney saying on Tuesday that the various Brexit scenarios will help determine when interest rates rise and how fast.
Rounding up some of the assessments shows the variety of potential outcomes from leaving the EU and losing free access to the world's largest open trading bloc. The U.K.'s potential growth — how fast it could grow using all resources most efficiently — could also be undermined. The selection of forecasts range from MIT's call for an output loss of as much as 9.5% per person, to Bank of America Merrill Lynch's estimate of losses on the order of 5% to 10% of GDP over 15 years, and Morgan Stanley's forecast for a growth cut of about 0.5 percentage point per year if there's no trade deal and the U.K. reverts to WTO rules. here are all based on different assumptions, reflecting the multiple Brexit options.
While more negative views may be in the majority, they're unlikely to derail May's government from its current path.
If the pre-referendum warnings of recession and economic apocalypse — since proved unfounded — weren't enough to give "Remain" victory last June, then long-term, somewhat nebulous, projections a decade or more out are unlikely to shake the resolve of those who want to press on with leaving.
Once the exit process known as Article 50 is triggered — May aims to do it by the end of March — there are still many unknowns, with vastly different options covering everything from trade tariffs and migration to financial services.
An agreement similar to, for example, that between the bloc and Norway, versus falling under World Trade Organization rules, would mean different outcomes. There's also the question of a transitional deal, and how long that could last.
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The U.K. may try to protect certain industries in its negotiations. A deal that hurts services — the biggest part of the economy — would be particularly painful, and the relocation of financial institutions from London to other European locations could also widen the near-record current-account deficit.
The prime minister spelled out her vision for a "global Britain" in a speech in January. Most European leaders insist the single market's free movement of goods and services is indivisible from the free movement of people, so a deal that gives the U.K. close to free access without immigration could be unlikely.
Austria's Chancellor Christian Kern even said this month that the EU should ensure the U.K. ends up in a worse situation, and German Chancellor Angela Merkel has indicated she will take a tough stance in the talks.
In the meantime, uncertainty remains the default.
"We formed a view in the immediate aftermath of the referendum about the range of possible long-run impacts — quite a broad range of possibilities," BOE chief economist Andy Haldane said this week. "We haven't fundamentally changed that view, not least because we don't have very much extra information on how that might look."
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